AYUSH in Contemporary Healthcare Preventive health:

Yoga and daily regimens strengthen resilience against lifestyle diseases.

Pre-disease management:

Ayurveda and naturopathy address obesity, diabetes, and hypertension at early stages.

Eg: Prediabetes is the stage that before type 2 diabetes. It is distinguished by higher-than-normal blood sugar levels that do not yet meet the criteria for diabetes. Naturally, managing prediabetes will help to prevent diabetes mellitus. Prediabetes is generally asymptomatic, making diagnosis difficult without blood tests. In Ayurveda, prediabetes is often linked to an imbalance of the doshas, particularly Kapha and Pitta dosha. Elevated Kapha dosha can be caused by a sedentary lifestyle and poor eating habits, while pitta imbalance is due to poor digestion and metabolism.

Prediabetes treatment in Ayurveda:

1. Diet:

Focus on whole grains, legumes, fresh fruits, and vegetables, use spices like turmeric, cumin, and fenugreek to enhance digestion and metabolism. Reduce intake of processed and refined foods. Avoid sugary foods and drinks, and limit high-carbohydrate foods.

2. Herbs:

Bitter Melon: Bitter Melon is known for its ability to control and lower blood sugar levels by acting like insulin.

Fenugreek:

Fenugreek seeds contain fibre and other substances that can help with digestion and sugar absorption. The seeds may also help the body use sugar more efficiently and increase insulin secretion

3. Life Style Modifications:

Deep breathing exercises, meditation, and yoga are effective stress-management practices that can help with prediabetes. These routines lower stress hormone levels, increase relaxation, and improve blood sugar management. Quality sleep is essential for avoiding prediabetes. Rejuvenating methods like oil massage (Abhyanga) and mild yoga stretches before bedtime will help you sleep better. Smoking and alcohol consumption can significantly impact prediabetes management. Smoking accelerates blood vessel damage and increases the risk of developing diabetes.

Rural healthcare:

Affordable and culturally acceptable, AYUSH bridges gaps where modern facilities are scarce.

Mental health:

Yoga, meditation, and herbal therapies offer saber alternatives to conventional psychotropics.

Rejuvenation:

Rasayana therapy slows aging, enhances immunity, and improves vitality.⁴

Integrative pharmacology:

Integrative pharmacology is a holistic approach to health care combines conventional pharmaceutical treatments with evidence-based complementary therapies to create personalized treatment plans. It aims to optimize patient outcomes by considering the whole person – body, mind, and spirit – rather than just focusing on the disease or symptoms. This approach emphasizes patient - centered care, a holistic approach to health, the use of evidence – based therapies, and collaboration among healthcare providers.⁵

Integrative Medicine:

Merges conventional and AYUSH therapies.

Holistic Medicine:

Addresses physical, emotional, and spiritual health.

Lifestyle Medicine:

Focuses on diet, exercise, stress, and sleep.

Need for integration:

· Enhanced clinical outcomes (e.g., yoga and meditation reduce chronic pain and stress).

· Economic savings: preventive lifestyle medicine reduces healthcare costs.

· Broader patient satisfaction through personalized, culturally resonant care.⁶

Challenges in standardizing AYUSH therapies:

Lack of quality-certified herbal raw material supply:

The Ayurvedic sector struggles with limited approved herbal raw materials, making authenticity and standardization essential for safety and efficacy.

Lack of scientifically validated test methods for checking adulteration:

The Ayurvedic industry faces major challenges due to the lack of standardised testing for raw materials, leading to adulteration that compromises product quality, safety, and consumer trust. Identifying adulterants remains difficult, though efforts like those of the American Botanical Council are noteworthy. Recently, India’s Agriculture Ministry warned against using Tinospora crispa as an adulterant to T. cordifolia.

Lack of availability of biologically active marker compound for product standardization:

API added marker substances later, but only 10% are water-soluble, limiting effectiveness in Ayurvedic formulations despite IP/ICMR recognition.

Table 2: Marker compounds from medicinal plants as mentioned in ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India vol VIII and IX

Name	Botanical name	Marker compounds	Water/methanol solubility
Methika	Trigonella foenumgraceum L.	4-OH isoleucine	Methanol
Shunthi	Zingiber officinalis roscoe	6-gingerol	methanol
Haridra	Curcuma longa L.	Curcumin	methanol

Table 3: Marker compounds from medicinal plants as mentioned in Indian pharmacopeia vol II

Name	Botanical name	Marker compounds	Water/methanol solubility
Brahmi	Bacopa monnieri (L) wettest	Bacoside A	Methanol
Coleus	Coleus forskohliBriq	Forskolin	Acetonitrile
Gingko	Gingko biloba L	Quercetin	Methanol

Lack of Awareness of herb Drug Interaction:

Lack of awareness of herb-drug interactions is concerning, as herbs like ginger, garlic, and St. John’s Wort can alter drug safety and efficacy.⁷

Analytical Approaches for Standardization:

Advances in Fingerprint Analysis for Standardization and Quality Control of Herbal Medicines:

Herbal medicines (HMs) have been used for centuries, and nearly 40% of modern drugs are derived from natural sources. Although generally considered safer than synthetic drugs, lack of regulation has led to adverse events, contamination, and adulteration. Standardization and quality control of HMs involve assessing raw materials, product stability, efficacy, safety, and providing consumer information. Evaluation includes macroscopic, microscopic, chemical, and biological analyses, using techniques such as marker compound analysis, fingerprinting, and metabolomics.⁸

Phytochemical Chromatographic Fingerprinting:

Thin Layer Chromatography:

Herbal pharmacopoeias such as AHP, Chinese Drug Monographs, and the Pharmacopoeia of PRC use thin layer chromatography (TLC) for identifying herbal medicines. TLC offers simple, rapid, and sensitive screening with easy sample preparation, useful for detecting quality and adulteration. High-performance TLC(HPTLC) enhances qualitative and quantitative analysis with tools like the CAMAG system. Advances such as forced-flow planar chromatography (FFPC), rotation planar chromatography (RPC), over-pressured layer chromatography (OPLC), and electro planar chromatography (EPC) further improve efficiency and detection.⁹

High-performance Liquid Chromatography:

HPLC is a preferred technology for analysing herbal medications due to its simplicity and lack of reliance on sample volatility or stability. HPLC can analyse most chemicals in herbal remedies. Reversed-phase (RP) columns are commonly used for analysing herbal medications. The best separation condition for HPLC depends on several factors, including mobile phase composition, pH correction, and pump pressure. An effective experimental design is crucial for achieving optimal separation. The benefits of employing TLC to create the fingerprints of herbal medications include its ease of use, adaptability, high speed, high specific sensitivity, and straightforward sample preparation. The quality and potential for adulteration of herbal items can thus be easily assessed using TLC. In addition to outlining the development of forced-flow-planer chromatography (FFPC), it illustrated the significance of several techniques such as Electro planar chromatography (EPC), over pressured-layer chromatography (OPLC), and rotation planar chromatography (RPC).¹⁰

High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) Fingerprint Profile:

HPTLC profiling, renowned for its cost-effectiveness and specificity, was employed for the qualitative estimation of bioactive constituents. Various mobile phase compositions were optimized for effective separation. Ayush D formulation underwent HPTLC fingerprint profiling to ascertain the presence of ingredients and their respective bioactive constituents, laying the groundwork for robust quality control protocols. Selected bioactive constituents were Withaferin-A, Lupeol, Ellagic acid, and Gallic acid.¹¹

DNA Barcoding; a genomic based tool for authentication of phytomedicinal and its products:

DNA barcoding is a modern biotechnology that identifies species using small DNA regions, enabling fast, accurate, and cost-effective plant identification. It bypasses morphological limits and taxonomic expertise, making it useful for verifying the authenticity of herbal products.

Molecular art behind DNA Barcoding:

DNA barcoding identifies specimens using short DNA sequences from nuclear or organelle genomes, a concept introduced by Paul Hebert. It compares unknown samples to reference sequences. Since no single universal plant barcode exists, multilocus barcodes from chloroplast and nuclear genomes are used for plants.¹²

Molecular markers in Herbal Drug Technology:

Molecular markers include nucleic acids, macromolecules, and metabolites, but DNA markers are most reliable since they reveal species-specific polymorphisms unaffected by age, physiology, or environment, making them valuable for botanical drug quality assurance.

Types of DNA Markers used in Plant Genome Analysis:

Hybridization Based Methods:

Hybridisation approaches include RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism, and variable number tandem repeats. Labelled probes, including random genomic clones, cDNA clones, and microsatellite and minisatellite sequences, are hybridised to restriction enzyme-digested DNA filters. Polymorphisms are discovered through the presence or lack of bands during hybridisation.

PCR-Based Methods:

PCR-based markers amplify specific DNA sequences or loci using oligonucleotide primers and the thermostable DNA polymerase enzyme. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR), and DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) are PCR-based techniques that use random primers. Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) are a primer-based polymorphism detection approach that uses a specific primer to amplify DNA between two opposing SSRs of the same type. Polymorphism occurs when an SSR is absent or has a deletion or insertion that alters the spacing between repeats. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technology detects genomic restriction fragments using PCR amplification. Adaptors are ligated to restriction fragment ends and amplified with adaptor-homologous primers. AFLP can detect thousands of independent loci and is applicable to DNA of any origin or complexity.

Sequencing-Based Markers:

DNA sequencing can accurately identify species. Variations caused by transversions, insertions, or deletions can be directly examined, providing information on a specific locus. Genetic diversity is prevalent at the single nucleotide level. Direct sequencing is effective for identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms between organisms based on their degree of similarity. Other ways for sequencing include analysing ribosomal DNA's varied internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. The ITS region of 18s-26s rDNA is a helpful sequence for phylogenetic investigations in several angiosperm families. ITS sequence variance among families varies by taxonomic rank and linkage, making it appropriate for phylogenetic research. Researchers have sequenced other DNA sections, including chloroplast trnK and the spacer region of 5s rDNA, as diagnostic tools for authentication.¹³

Pharmacological Validation Approaches:

Preclinical Pharmacological Studies In Vitro:

Preclinical anticancer studies often assess drug dose-response in cultured cells. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), resistant to chemotherapy and linked to recurrence, serve as key models but require proper marker characterization. Endothelial cell lines like EA. hy926 are also used to study proliferation and migration in tumour metastasis.

In vitro Cell Sensitivity Assays:

Cellular drug response depends on concentration and exposure time. For cytotoxic agents, effects relate to C×T, while phase-specific drugs depend mainly on exposure. The colony-forming assay is the most reliable sensitivity test, with other methods including trypan blue, Sulforhodamine B (SRB), tetrazolium reduction, and ATP assays.

The tetrazolium reduction assay involves adding [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT), the most commonly used tetrazolium compound, to cultures. Viable cells convert these compounds into coloured formazan products, which can be colorimetrically detected at 570 nm with a microplate reader. Assay conditions must be standardised for each cell line.

The SRB assay is a quick and sensitive approach that uses a bright pink anionic dye to attach electrostatically to the basic amino acids of TCA-fixed cells. After removing the unbound dye, the protein-bound dye is extracted using Trisbase [tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane]. The protein content may then be determined.

Colorimetrically measured at 550 nm using a microplate reader. The SRB assay has nondestructive, stable, and equivalent endpoints to other assays. The SRB assay is labour-intensive and requires multiple washing procedures, but it provides high-throughput screening for anticancer medicines. The results are comparable to those obtained with the MTT assay.

The ATP content assay relies on ATP, the primary energy carrier in cells, and its correlation with cell biomass. When the cellular membrane breaks down, it loses its ability to create ATP, which is then swiftly absorbed by endogenous ATP-ases. The ATP assay evaluates cell viability in high-throughput screening platforms using an ATP detection kit.¹⁴

Network Pharmacology:

A new science known as network pharmacology (NP) aims to investigate pharmacological effects and interactions with numerous targets. It uses computing capacity to systematically catalogue the chemical interactions of a pharmacological molecule in a living cell.

Applications of Network Pharmacology:

1. Traditional medicine:

· Scientific evidence for use of Ayurvedic medicine

· Network – based designing and prescribing of plant formulations

2. Pharmacology:

· To develop new leads from natural products

· Determining the possible side effects

Traditional medicine inspired Ethnopharmacological networks:

This platform not only retrieves traditional information, but it also provides new results that may be used to solve contemporary difficulties in the pharmaceutical sector. Dragon's blood (DB) tablets, manufactured from resins extracted from Dracaena spp., Daemonorops spp., Croton spp., and Pterocarpus spp., are an effective TCM treatment for colitis. In one study, an NP-based method was used to provide fresh insights into the active ingredients and molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of DB. The formulation's constituent compounds were identified utilising the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry technique.^15,16

Case Studies and Applications in Network Pharmacology:

Network pharmacology is being used for complicated disorders, medication repurposing, and multi-target drug development. This technique is effective for treating diseases that cannot be adequately treated with single-target medicines because it takes into account many targets and pathways in disease networks.

Cancer Therapeutics:

Cancer is ideal for network pharmacology applications due to its multifactorial nature and involvement of multiple signalling pathways. A significant example is the research on the anticancer properties of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) drugs. Berberine and Curcumin were studied utilising network pharmacology to target various oncogenic pathways in cancers such as breast and colorectal cancer. The study used molecular docking simulations and route analysis methods to identify important signalling pathways for apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and metastasis inhibition. The study found that combining these chemicals has synergistic effects, suggesting possible techniques for cancer therapy.

Cardiovascular Disease:

Network pharmacology has been used to identify possible multi-target treatments for CVD. A study on Salvia miltiorrhiza, a herb used in Chinese medicine to treat heart diseases, identified key targets such as eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), which play roles in angiogenesis and endothelial function. The study used in silico methodologies including molecular docking and pathway analysis to demonstrate that Salvia's activity on several targets may have synergistic effects in treating ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and hypertension.

Disease Prevention and Patient safety:

Pharma Companies can use AI to develop cures for both known diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s and rare diseases. Generally, pharmaceutical companies do not spend their time and resources on finding treatments for rare diseases since the ROI is very low compared to the time and cost it takes to develop drugs for treating rare diseases. The research by Sharma (2024) examines how artificial intelligence (AI) is changing nursing. It was discovered that the integration of Natural Language Processing (NLP), Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS), and predictive analytics contributes to better patient care, more efficient workflow, and a redefined role for nurses. According to Londhe et al. (2024), the WHO Drug Monitoring initiative develops proactive drug and patient safety by enabling monitoring and identifying adverse medication responses that were previously unknown.¹⁷

AI Driven Future of Drug Discovery:

AI in Drug Target Identification:

AI techniques like deep learning and machine learning have turned the way of drug target identification into enabling the modelling of complex biological data and then matched the targets more accurately than conventional methods. Deep learning algorithms, more specifically, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been found out to be strong for the filtering of gene expression and protein interaction networks, and as a result, the essential disease-associated genes and proteins have been discovered.

AI-Enhanced Virtual Screening:

Virtual screening, by means of computational methods, is kind of screening of new drug candidates to see whether or not they would be promising for targeting biological substances.

AI-Powered Optimization of Drug Compounds:

After the chemical compounds that could be used for drugs are discovered, AI can, through the optimization of these compounds, make them more effective, less toxic, and increase their solubility in the body. AI utilizes reinforcement learning (RL) models as well as multi-objective optimization algorithms in such cases due to the fact that they improve the compounds step by step depending on their desired characteristics.¹⁸

Clinical trial Research:

AI enhances clinical trials by improving protocol design, patient selection and recruitment, and investigator/site selection. It supports real-time monitoring, adherence, and retention through ML and wearables, while intelligent data collection and automation reduce errors, improve organization, and accelerate trial efficiency.²⁰

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence in Pharmacology Research:

First, if the target is known, artificial intelligence can be used to predict which drug will bind to the target in the desired way. Thus, the structure of the drug target was elucidated. Diagnosis may be difficult, but catching the disease earlier and treating it may be more effective. Important information for clinical decision making. Evaluation using traditional methods. This combination will produce the best medicine.

Quick decisions

Simplicity

Save time

Eliminate bias

Automatic reprocessing

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence in Pharmacology Research:

High costs

Unemployment

Lack of creativity

Lack of imagination and creativity power.

Future Scope of Artificial Intelligence in Pharmacology Research:

AI models can also analyze patient data and clinical data to demonstrate adherence to clinical recommendations for better decision-making and better follow-up care for patients.

Personalized medicine is one of the most specialized forms of treatment.

Machine learning algorithms analyze large amounts of data and help select the best drug candidates by identifying signatures associated with therapeutic response and toxicity.

Negotiating with potential customers and assisting with preliminary testing to determine benefits.

Pharmacies already use special designs for these purposes. better treatment Prejudice and fairness issues can lead to unfair treatment and disputes.

Benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Pharmacology Research:

Artificial intelligence technology can accelerate the drug discovery process by analyzing large amounts of clinical data, identifying treatment targets and predicting the effectiveness of new drugs. Recent advances in scientific research have led scientists to develop drugs specifically designed for certain groups of people. Artificial intelligence speeds up the treatment process and reduces costs by reusing recommended drugs. They can do this by using artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze big data and identify drugs that show benefit and potential harm. Their income will be three times what it is now. We predict that by 2030, businesses will prioritize innovation and productivity, creats new resources and allowing employees to refocus on core tasks²¹

The role of AI in medical field:

The use of Artificial Intelligence in the medical field has gained traction in the recent past, and numerous academics have conducted in-depth investigation and research, producing a wealth of materials that address the possible drawbacks and advantages of this invention in the medical area the administrative workload was decreased via artificial intelligence. An analysis of the functions of artificial intelligence (A.I.) in the medical field revealed that its application decreased administrative burden, aided in the provision of virtual patient care, aided in the discovery of novel medications and vaccines, assisted in the diagnosis of clinical conditions, identified prescription errors, and provided vast data storage capabilities. The ability of artificial intelligence (AI) to supplement decision support systems as administrative help is revolutionary.²²

AI’s Role in Predicting Drug Effectiveness and Safety:

AI plays a crucial role in medicinal chemistry by predicting the effectiveness and safety of potential drug compounds. Traditional drug discovery methods often involve laborious experimentation to assess a compound’s impact on the human body, which is slow, costly, and uncertain. AI techniques, however, can address these challenges by analysing vast amounts of data to uncover patterns and trends not easily discernible to human researchers. This accelerates the identification of new bioactive compounds with minimal side effects compared to conventional protocols. For example, deep learning algorithms have shown promise in accurately predicting the activity of novel compounds based on training data of known drug compounds. AI models trained on extensive databases of toxic and non-toxic compounds have also made significant strides in preventing drug toxicity.

AI in Pharmaceutical Marketing:

With the increasing complexities of manufacturing processes along with increasing demand for efficiency and better product quality, modern manufacturing systems are trying to confer human knowledge to machines, continuously changing the manufacturing practice. The incorporation of AI in manufacturing can prove to be a boost for the pharmaceutical industry. Tools, such as CFD, uses Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solvers technology that studies the impact of agitation and stress levels in different equipment (e.g., stirred tanks), exploiting the automation of many pharmaceutical operations. Similar systems, such as direct numerical simulations and large eddy simulations, involve advanced approaches to solve complicated flow problems in manufacturing.^23,24

The Ministry of Ayush and the Ayush Industry's Strategies and Efforts to Improve the Quality of Ayush Products:

The quality of an AYUSH product is thus determined by the quality of raw ingredients used in process control, processing, packaging, completed product, and market distribution.

Development and implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) Schedule T and WHO-GMP guidelines for Ayush drugs:

In India, state governments regulate Ayurvedic medicine licensing, while the central government oversees legal provisions. Quality and GMP standards are outlined in the Drugs and Cosmetics Act (1940), Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, and Schedule T for ASU products. Adhering to GMP ensures product quality, builds trust.²⁵

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Received on 21.10.2025 Revised on 06.12.2025

Accepted on 10.01.2026 Published on 02.07.2026

Available online from July 15, 2026

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2026; 16(3):299-306.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2026.00044

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

Body systems	Common aliments	Drugs used for the management of Common aliments
Cardio vascular system (CVS)	Iron deficiency disorder	Ayurveda: buttermilk, dry grapes, spinach, jaggery with tepid water, rice water with mandura Bhasma 0.5 g twice daily. Homeopathy: Arsenic album
	Weakness	Homeopathy: Ferrum metallicum
	Palpitation/ tachycardia	Homeopathy: Arsenic album, calcarea carbonicum
Gastrointestinal system	Abdominal pain	Ayurveda: Hinguvachadi choornam lashunadi vati two tablet twice a day with warm water, hing churan with mustard oil for massaging near umbilicus or mix warm water.
Gastrointestinal system	Constipation	Ayurveda: Triphala 5 gm with tepid water, 8-10 dried grapes in bolied 250 ml milk.
Respiratory system	Allergic rhinitis	Ayurveda: haridra khanda
Respiratory system	Cough	Ayurveda: lavang with honey
Musculo skeletal system	Rheumatoid arthritis	Ayurveda; kulattha or horse gram dal soup thrice daily
Musculo skeletal system	Rheumatoid arthritis	Naturopathy: massage with mustard oil
Nervous system	Epilepsy or fits	Ayurveda: kushmanda or petha 7-14 ml with 3 g of yashtimadhu powder twice daily.
Reproductive system	Menstrual disorder	Ayurveda: kulattha or horse gram decoction of seed in 30 ml water
		Homeopathy: kali carbonicum
		Unani: sharbat-e-faulad 15 ml bd.
Endocrine system	Hormonal imbalance	Ayurveda: shatavari